When I use my debit card for a payment do I have the same consumer protection as when I use my credit card?

Your protection is greater if you use a credit card and the transaction is for an amount between £100 and £30,000. This is because the credit card issuer is jointly liable under Section 75 of the Consumer Credit Act if the goods received are faulty or if they are not received at all, e.g. if the company goes out of business. In these circumstances the credit cardholder will be able to get their money back from their card issuer but the debit cardholder probably wouldn't.